Both autoimmune and alloimmune factors can cause miscarriage.
- Autoimmune disease :- It can cause miscarriage usually in the second trimester. These patient form antibodies against their own tissue and the placenta. These antibodies ultimately cause rejection of early pregnancy. placental thrombosis, infarction and fetal hypoxia is the ultimate pathology of cause abortion.
- Alloimmune disease :- Paternal antigens which are foreign to the mother invoke a protective blocking antibody response. These blocking antibodies prevent maternal immune cells from recognising the fetus as a foreign entity. Therefore, the fetal allograft containing foreign paternal antigens are not rejected by the mother. Paternal human leukocyte antigen (HLA) sharing with the mother lead to diminished fetal-maternal immunologic interaction and ultimately fetal rejection (abortion).
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